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GNU - Wikipedia. GNUDeveloper. Community. Written in. Various (notably C and assembly language)OS family. Unix- like. Working state. Current. Source model. ![]() Free software. Marketing target. Personal computers, mobile devices, embedded devices, servers, mainframes, supercomputers. Platforms. IA- 3. Hurd kernel only) and Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR3. Blackfin, C6x, ETRAX CRIS, FR- V, H8/3. Download and Install Advanced-Copy. There are two methods to install Advanced-Copy utility in Linux systems, either you compile from sources or using pre-compiled. "Build Your Own Linux (From Scratch)" walks users through building a basic Linux distribution. Presented by Linux Academy & Cloud Assessments. Access the main Linux. News and feature lists of Linux and BSD distributions. Search the DistroWatch database for distributions using a particular package. If you are looking for a distribution with the latest kernel, select "linux" from the. Hexagon, Itanium, M3. R, m. 68k, META, Microblaze, MIPS, MN1. Open. RISC, PA- RISC, Power. PC, s. 39. 0, S+core, Super. ![]() H, SPARC, TILE6. 4, Unicore. Xtensa (with Linux- libre kernel only)Kernel type. Microkernel (GNU Hurd) or Monolithic kernel (GNU Linux- libre, fork of Linux)Userland. GNULicense. GNU GPL, GNU LGPL, GNU AGPL, GNU FDL, GNU FSDG[1][2]Official websitegnu. GNU ( listen)[3][4] is an operating system[5][6][7] and an extensive collection of computer software. GNU is composed wholly of free software,[8][9][1. GNU Project's own GPL. GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix!",[8][1. GNU's design is Unix- like, but differs from Unix by being free software and containing no Unix code.[8][1. The GNU project includes an operating system kernel, GNU HURD, which was the original focus of the Free Software Foundation (FSF).[8][1. However, non- GNU kernels, most famously Linux, can also be used with GNU software; as the Hurd kernel is not yet production- ready,[1. GNU system is usually used.[1. The combination of GNU software and the Linux kernel is commonly known as Linux (or less frequently GNU/Linux; see GNU/Linux naming controversy). Richard Stallman, the founder of the project, views GNU as a "technical means to a social end".[2. Relatedly Lawrence Lessig states in his introduction to the second edition of Stallman's book Free Software, Free Society that in it Stallman has written about "the social aspects of software and how Free Software can create community and social justice."[2. History[edit]Development of the GNU operating system was initiated by Richard Stallman while he worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. It was called the GNU Project, and was publicly announced on September 2. Richard Stallman.[2. Software development began on January 5, 1. Stallman quit his job at the Lab so that they could not claim ownership or interfere with distributing GNU components as free software.[2. Richard Stallman chose the name by using various plays on words, including the song The Gnu.[4](0. The goal was to bring a wholly free software operating system into existence. Stallman wanted computer users to be free to study the source code of the software they use, share software with other people, modify the behavior of software, and publish their own modified versions of the software. This philosophy was later published as the GNU Manifesto in March 1. Richard Stallman's experience with the Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS),[2. PDP- 1. 0, the computer architecture for which ITS was written, led to a decision that a portable system was necessary.[4](0. It was thus decided that the development would be started using C and Lisp as system programming languages,[2. GNU would be compatible with Unix.[2. At the time, Unix was already a popular proprietary operating system. The design of Unix was modular, so it could be reimplemented piece by piece.[2. Much of the needed software had to be written from scratch, but existing compatible third- party free software components were also used such as the Te. X typesetting system, the X Window System, and the Mach microkernel that forms the basis of the GNU Mach core of GNU Hurd (the official kernel of GNU).[2. With the exception of the aforementioned third- party components, most of GNU has been written by volunteers; some in their spare time, some paid by companies,[2. In October 1. 98. Stallman set up the Free Software Foundation (FSF). In the late 1. 98. FSF hired software developers to write the software needed for GNU.[3. As GNU gained prominence, interested businesses began contributing to development or selling GNU software and technical support. The most prominent and successful of these was Cygnus Solutions,[2. Red Hat.[3. 2]Components[edit]The system's basic components include the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), the GNU C library (glibc), and GNU Core Utilities (coreutils),[8] but also the GNU Debugger (GDB), GNU Binary Utilities (binutils),[3. GNU Bash shell[2. GNOMEdesktop environment.[3. GNU developers have contributed to Linux ports of GNU applications and utilities, which are now also widely used on other operating systems such as BSD variants, Solaris and mac. OS.[3. 6]Many GNU programs have been ported to other operating systems, including proprietary platforms such as Microsoft Windows[3. OS.[3. 8] GNU programs have been shown to be more reliable than their proprietary Unix counterparts.[3. As of November 2. GNU packages (including decommissioned, 3. GNU development site.[4. GNU variants[edit]The official kernel of GNU Project was the GNU Hurd microkernel; however, as of 2. Linux kernel became officially part of the GNU Project in the form of Linux- libre, a variant of Linux with all proprietary components removed.[4. With the April 3. Debian GNU/HURD 2. GNU OS now provides the components to assemble an operating system that users can install and use on a computer.[4. This includes the GNU Hurd kernel, that is currently in a pre- production state. The Hurd status page states that "it may not be ready for production use, as there are still some bugs and missing features. However, it should be a good base for further development and non- critical application usage."[4. Due to Hurd not being ready for production use, in practice these operating systems are Linux distributions. They contain the Linux kernel, GNU components and software from many other free software projects. Looking at all program code contained in the Ubuntu Linux distribution in 2. GNU encompassed 8% and the Linux kernel 9%.[4. Other kernels like the Free. BSD kernel also work together with GNU software to form a working operating system.[4. The FSF maintains that an operating system built using the Linux kernel and GNU tools and utilities, should be considered a variant of GNU, and promotes the term GNU/Linux for such systems (leading to the GNU/Linux naming controversy).[5. The GNU Project has endorsed Linux distributions, such as g. New. Sense, Trisquel and Parabola GNU/Linux- libre.[5. Other GNU variants which do not use the Hurd as a kernel include Debian GNU/k. Free. BSD and Debian GNU/Net. BSD, bringing to fruition the early plan of GNU on a BSD kernel. Copyright, GNU licenses, and stewardship[edit]The GNU Project recommends that contributors assign the copyright for GNU packages to the Free Software Foundation,[5. Free Software Foundation considers it acceptable to release small changes to an existing project to the public domain.[5. However, this is not required; package maintainers may retain copyright to the GNU packages they maintain, though since only the copyright holder may enforce the license used (such as the GNU GPL), the copyright holder in this case enforces it rather than the Free Software Foundation.[5. For the development of needed software, Stallman wrote a license called the GNU General Public License (first called Emacs General Public License), with the goal to guarantee users freedom to share and change free software.[5. Stallman wrote this license after his experience with James Gosling and a program called Uni. Press, over a controversy around software code use in the GNU Emacs program.[5. For most of the 8. GNU package had its own license: the Emacs General Public License, the GCC General Public License, etc. In 1. 98. 9, FSF published a single license they could use for all their software, and which could be used by non- GNU projects: the GNU General Public License (GPL).[5. This license is now used by most of GNU software, as well as a large number of free software programs that are not part of the GNU Project; it is also the most commonly used free software license.[6. It gives all recipients of a program the right to run, copy, modify and distribute it, while forbidding them from imposing further restrictions on any copies they distribute. This idea is often referred to as copyleft.[6. In 1. 99. 1, the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), then known as the Library General Public License, was written for the GNU C Library to allow it to be linked with proprietary software.[6. Small to Medium Business (SMB) Accounting Software. The SMB market·typically serves businesses with 5-25 active users, while the Mid-Market can serve from 25-100.Find the Right Software for Your Business. About Find Accounting Software. We don’t sell software. We don’t develop it either. What do we do? We help you save time and money by recommending the top software for your specific needs. Since 1. 99. 6, we’ve focused on getting really good at one specific thing: understanding software requirements, so we can make great software recommendations. ![]() Our directory, advice articles, team of experts, and easy matching process are all designed to help you make the best software decision possible. For more information, read our "about us" page. Privacy. BFind Accounting Software is committed to protecting the privacy of our visitor's personally identifiable information. Manufacturing Software Find the best Manufacturing Software for your business. Compare product reviews and features to build your list. Learn Why Capterra is Free. Read more about our official privacy policy. Partnership Opportunities. Do you develop or resell accounting or business software? Let's talk about how, together, we can solve the business needs of Find Accounting Software users.© CPA Online and Find Accounting Software are trademarks of Inphinet Interactive Communications, Inc. Looking for some inspiration and education to grow your small business? Here are our top 25 Small Business Blogs that every owner should read in 2015. ![]() ![]() No part of this website may be reproduced without express written permission from Inphinet Interactive Communications, Inc. Small Business Accounting Software Reviews- Newsnews. September 2. 6, 2. The new capabilities, called Cloud Connect, simplify corporate accounting teams’ reconciliations processes by eliminating the manual aspects of running and uploading of reports. Providing near real- time access to business data and historical snapshots.. September 2. 5, 2. Pennsylvania's attorney general is leading an investigation into the Equifax credit breach that has affected 1. Pennsylvania. 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The Zoho Inventory application offers complete inventory .. Designed for small businesses including retailers and warehouse and distribution businesses, in. Flow offers an on- premise and cloud- based product. The cloud version of in. Flow is accessible using a computer, laptop, tablet or smartphone. Fishbowl is warehouse and manufacturing management software designed to integrate with all Quick. Books applications, including Quick. Books Online. Fishbowl also integrates with Xero. Available in both U. S. and Canadian versions, Fishbowl is best suited .. While inventory management is not a new concept, with the advent of online stores to coincide with their brick and mortar counterparts, it’s more important than ever that retailers have a solid handle on their inventory. Good inventory management is.. September 1. 4, 2. 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XF- MTGWYHBC6. 6- D6. YR7- CRP7. H- T8. VP4- 9. 9PMWJWR9. T- HFR9. 2- 7. 4RQ7- 3. FRMB- CY6. 76. DDY7. JV- 2. RXGX- MQFQP- PFDH8. WRGJQ- 2. J2. HB- 8. XP8. D- 6. J2. YK- BMFFDT9. HJX- 4. C3. BM- MG2. R6- WC9. 33- RCBRTJM2. QC- KMVTP- VR8. GV- HJRKQ- YWXWGWQ2. D- PY7. 7P- R9. CQK- MCPPB- QGJYQMHCC4- WV7. B- FTWPV- YM9. JR- W3. VWDBHD3. 4- K6. BT7- T6. PXP- BXKT4- X3. G8. DProduct key for Microsoft Office 2. R2. WBR- GG6. HV- GTPMB- RG9. B9- YBJVMkxfdr- 7ptmk- ykyhd- c. V9mtg- 3gx. 8p- d. WP6. B2- Y9. FR6- WG2. R6- KH2. Q7- P9. T3. TQ7. MT- BQTJD- V4. MJ6- J6. KT8- RP2. VWFR6. D9- 8. 9FTC- 8. WC6- MM4. PB- G6. VYBMS Office 2. 00. Product Key (Updated): DDY7. JV- 2. RXGX- MQFQP- PFDH8. WRGJQ- 2. J2. HB- 8. XP8. D- 6. J2. YK- BMFFDHX2. HC- MJM6. Q- 4. 48. F- 2. 3FMP- 9. VKV8. RV2. 9T- JVXGX- 9. YT- RFC7. 9- RRT3. XC8. 4W- M6. 42. D- 2. QDWY- YTKMM- RWJQWV8. W3- BM7. 2R- XRHWG- CP6. F- 4. FPMTHX2. DJ- 3. TJX- CRVRJ- C7. 2Q8- CJTBQDDY7. JV- 2. RXGX- MQFQP- PFDH8. WRGJQ- 2. J2. HB- 8. XP8. D- 6. J2. YK- BMFFDBHFYK- 9. RTKR- RV3. J6- X6. J- XQ3. Q8. VHGFG- FVMY3- HHP4. RXVDJ- 8. R6. BYTC2. QP- QBCP7- WQ6. 2V- WBF9. WWG7. 3DPK3. W- F6. FGP- 9. JDGJ- 2. 3VQM- TRHYBHCFPT- K8. VV- DCKH3- 8. 7CCR- FM6. HWWQ2. 7D- PY7. 7P- R9. CQK- MCPPB- QGJYQMicrosoft Office Enterprise 2. Product Key: TC2. QP- QBCP7- WQ6. 2V- WBF9. WWG7. 3WQ2. 7D- PY7. P- R9. CQK- MCPPB- QGJYQDDY7. JV- 2. RXGX- MQFQP- PFDH8. TC2. QP- QBCP7- WQ6. V- WBF9. 2- WWG7. WRGJQ- 2. J2. HB- 8. XP8. D- 6. J2. YK- BMFFDVHGFG- FVMY3- HHP4. RXVDJ- 8. R6. BYV8. W3- BM7. 2R- XRHWG- CP6. F- 4. FPMTWQ2. 7D- PY7. P- R9. CQK- MCPPB- QGJYQHX2. HC- MJM6. Q- 4. 48. F- 2. 3FMP- 9. VKV8. WRGJQ- 2. J2. HB- 8. XP8. D- 6. J2. YK- BMFFDV8. W3- BM7. 2R- XRHWG- CP6. F- 4. FPMTHX2. DJ- 3. TJX- CRVRJ- C7. 2Q8- CJTBQDDY7. JV- 2. RXGX- MQFQP- PFDH8. VHGFG- FVMY3- HHP4. RXVDJ- 8. R6. BYDDY7. JV- 2. RXGX- MQFQP- PFDH8. Microsoft Office 2. Ultimate Product Key List (New): G3. XX8- PF2. YT- PDH6. T7. K2. C- W9. 47. QMQYWC- 7. 2QBF- C3. RYG- D3. WTR- VTJVQH4. CMV- 9. 4VJ4- WYBWK- VHH6. B- TW8. VQHR7. 9G- R6. RMT- W4. V3. Q- 7. TWBB- RJMMDVRK7. 2- PDFQ7- PXFGT- TW3. TK- Y2. BMDGD4. JV- 3. C8- 3. 48. 9Q- 7. HCRF- C3. 8VQGF7. WM- HW9. 4W- KPWBR- 7. WM7. T- CG6. 33. P4. RP- 8. QVGC- PDFYR- T8. VBV- WDCHQV3. T6. BRKM- MCKXR- W3. Y4. J4. BDT9. MGC- 9. CVHH- MMKCB- FRMD2- QRDD3. H2. BKC- V7. G7. B- 4. CGDF- 2. XGTW- MH3. D3. Q2. PXX- XXQK4- JYDRW- X6. G9- DFT3. 3VXVQT- P4. K9. H- QJG9. V- PP7. CJ- Q8. 4BDK9. 6D7- DBTY7- 8. G7- DP6. TX- TPKQ3. GX6. V7- F3. 6D7- HFDY9- RF8. RB- CC3. D3. Keep visiting this page for more upcoming serial keys for MS office 2. Full version for free. We update it as soon as we get a new tested and 1. Partner Perspectives. Partner Perspectives. Yes, you are right, this is 32 bits build. And yes, you are correct again – in order to compile x64 binaries just use Visual Studio x64 Win64 Command Prompt (2010). Texas Rep. Lamar Smith, the Republican official in charge of the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, has now penned an editorial urging the public not to. 08/31/2017 Spotlighting Professional-Grade Performance and Broad Support from Hardware and Software Partners Alike, AMD Boosts Enterprise Portfolio with Dell, HP, and. Partner Perspectives. White Papers. Current Issue. Digital Transformation Myths & Truths. Transformation is on every IT organization's to- do list, but effectively transforming IT means a major shift in technology as well as business models and culture. In this IT Trend Report, we examine some of the misconceptions of digital transformation and look at steps you can take to succeed technically and culturally.[Interop ITX 2. State Of Dev. Ops Report. The Dev. Ops movement brings application development and infrastructure operations together to increase efficiency and deploy applications more quickly. But embracing Dev. Ops means making significant cultural, organizational, and technological changes. This research report will examine how and why IT organizations are adopting Dev. Ops methodologies, the effects on their staff and processes, and the tools they are utilizing for the best results. Video. Sponsored Video. Slideshows. Twitter Feed. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Injustice: Gods Among Us - Wikipedia. Injustice: Gods Among Us.
Developer(s)Nether. Realm Studios[a]Publisher(s)Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. Director(s)Ed Boon. Producer(s)Adam Urbano. Designer(s)Paulo Garcia. John Edwards. Artist(s)Steve Beran. Writer(s)Brian Chard. Dominic Cianciolo. John Vogel. Jon Greenberg. Composer(s)Christopher Drake. Dean Grinsfelder. Cris Velasco. Sascha Dikiciyan. Engine. Unreal Engine 3[1]Platform(s)Release. April 1. 6, 2. 01. Original version. NA: April 1. 6, 2. AU: April 1. 7, 2. EU: April 1. 9, 2. Ultimate Edition. Injustice: Gods Among Us is a fighting game in which players control characters with different fighting styles and special attacks, engaging in one-on-one combat to. NA: November 1. 2, 2. EU: November 2. 9, 2. OSAndroid. Genre(s)Fighting. Mode(s)Single- player, multiplayer. Injustice: Gods Among Us is a fighting video game based upon the fictional universe of DC Comics. The game was developed by Nether. Realm Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the Play. Station 3, Xbox 3. Wii U. It was released in April 2. North America, Europe, and Australia, and June 2. Japan. An expanded version of the game, titled Injustice: Gods Among Us Ultimate Edition, was released in November 2. Play. Station 3, Play. Station 4, Play. Station Vita, Xbox 3. Wii U, and Microsoft Windows. A free- to- playmobile app based on Injustice was also released for Android and i. OS devices. Players select one of several characters from the DC Universe to engage in combat, aiming to knock out their opponent. The game is set in a 2. D environment; while character models and backgrounds are rendered in three- dimensional graphics, the characters are restricted to fight within a two- dimensional space. Injustice builds upon several aspects from Nether. Realm Studios' previous title, Mortal Kombat, including its controls, game mechanics, narrative- driven campaign, and online functionality. The storyline is set within an alternate version of the Justice League's universe. In this reality, Superman becomes a tyrant and establishes a new world order after the Joker tricks him into killing Lois Lane and destroying Metropolis with a nuclear bomb. In an effort to stop this, Batman summons counterparts of the League's members from another universe to join his insurgency and end the totalitarian regime. The game received positive reviews from critics, who praised its story, gameplay mechanics, and use of the DC Comics license. Injustice became the highest selling game in the United States and United Kingdom during the month of its release. The game also won several awards for "Best Fighting Game" in 2. A sequel titled Injustice 2 was released in May 2. Gameplay[edit]Injustice: Gods Among Us is a fighting game in which players control characters with different fighting styles and special attacks, engaging in one- on- one combat to deplete their opponent's life gauge. The game is in 2. D; [2] movement is restricted to a two- dimensional plane, while the characters and backgrounds are rendered in three- dimensions. Unlike the traditional fighting game design involving multiple rounds with regenerative life bars, Injustice uses a scheme similar to the Killer Instinct series.[3] Each match consists of a single round with each player bearing two life bars.[3] The game utilizes a four- button control layout of light, medium, and heavy attacks, alongside a "character trait" button, which activates a unique ability or attack designed to showcase each character.[4] For instance, Superman's character trait provides a temporary boost in strength, while Batman's character trait summons a swarm of robotic bats.[5]The stages, based on various locations from the DC Universe, such as the Batcave, Metropolis, and Fortress of Solitude, feature interactive environments and multiple areas.[6] If an opponent is hit with a heavy attack near a corner of the arena, it launches them, triggering a transition animation and taking the fight to a new section of the stage.[7] Each section also contains objects that characters can interact with differently depending on their class. Characters fall into two classes: "power characters", who rely on brute strength and innate abilities, and "gadget characters", who use weapons, items, and other external mechanisms to win.[6][8] For example, a gadget character like Batman can attach a bomb to a car to cause an explosion, while a power character like Superman will pick up the same car and smash his opponents with it.[9] Players have the option to turn off interactive elements and stage transitions.[1. As characters perform special moves, block oncoming attacks, or get hit by the opponent, their "super meters" will gradually fill. Portions of the super meter can be used to execute enhanced special moves or counter enemy moves.[1. With a full meter, players can unleash their strongest special attack.[1. Players may also expend their meter to interrupt a combo and enter a wager battle, dubbed the "clash system", which combines individualized cutscene cinematics with the process of betting meter.[1. A clash may be triggered by a player only after they have lost their first life bar.[1. During the sequence, both players commit portions of their meter in secret, with the highest bidder winning the clash.[1. The story mode is split into several chapters. As the narrative plays out, the player swaps between different characters.[1. Minigames are also incorporated into the story. The outcome of minigames can impact an upcoming battle, such as giving the player a health advantage over the CPU opponent.[1. Additional game features include Battle Mode, Versus Mode, Training Mode, and S. T. A. R. Labs, which includes 2. Online multiplayer modes include King of the Hill, a setup that allows up to eight players to spectate a match while waiting for their turn to fight, and Survivor, which carries over the current winner's health bar and character selection over each match.[1. Playing through any of the game modes, including online matches with optional goal objectives, will net the player experience points that may be used to unlock alternate costumes, music, concept art, and other rewards.[1. Synopsis[edit]The campaign of Injustice: Gods Among Us was written by Nether. Realm Studios in collaboration with DC Comics' writers.[1. Described by Nether. Realm as "Story Mode 3. Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe and the 2. Mortal Kombat reboot through the use of a cinematic narrative versus the traditional ladder- based single- player experience.[2. According to lead designer John Edwards, the plot is meant to rationalize the game's fighting mechanics between characters that would not normally fight one another and explain how Batman can "stand toe- to- toe" with Superman.[1. Writers Justin Gray and Jimmy Palmiotti served as story consultants to ensure that the comic characters kept their proper voices in Injustice.[2. In an alternate universe, Joker (Richard Epcar) tricks Superman (George Newbern) into killing a pregnant Lois Lane, which detonates a nuclear weapon that destroys Metropolis and kills millions. Batman (Kevin Conroy) interrogates Joker (on where he got the weapon) after the attack, but a devastated Superman breaks into the interrogation room and murders Joker in retribution. Over the following years, Superman becomes a ruthless tyrant who establishes a unified world government named the One Earth Regime that eliminates crime through a worldwide authoritarian regime, which he leads as its High Councillor, but Batman establishes an insurgency against his regime, and a war breaks out between the two factions, leaving the Justice League disbanded. Five years into Superman's regime, the insurgency discovers a parallel universe where Joker's plan failed, and they teleport that world's Wonder Woman (Susan Eisenberg), Aquaman (Phil La. Marr), Green Arrow (Alan Tudyk), and Green Lantern (Adam Baldwin) into their universe. Batman and Joker are accidentally transported as well, but are separated after an encounter with the regime's military forces. While searching for somewhere to recharge his power ring, Green Lantern encounters Sinestro (Troy Baker) and his Yellow Lantern counterpart. Aquaman visits the archives of Atlantis, where he discovers how Superman descended into tyranny and that Atlantis has agreed to complete subjugation under Superman, he is then forced to fight his counterpart as well. The prime heroes eventually meet the alternate Batman in Gotham City. Prerequisites. For you to select data from a table or materialized view, the table or materialized view must be in your own schema or you must have the SELECT.SELECTPurpose. Use a SELECT statement or subquery to retrieve data from one or more tables, object tables, views, object views, or materialized views. If part or all of the result of a SELECT statement is equivalent to an existing materialized view, then Oracle Database may use the materialized view in place of one or more tables specified in the SELECT statement. This substitution is called query rewrite. It takes place only if cost optimization is enabled and the QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED parameter is set to TRUE. To determine whether query write has occurred, use the EXPLAINPLAN statement. Additional Topics. Prerequisites. For you to select data from a table or materialized view, the table or materialized view must be in your own schema or you must have the SELECT privilege on the table or materialized view. For you to select rows from the base tables of a view: You must have the SELECT privilege on the view, and. Table join order in Oracle 8i. In Oracle8i the undocumented parameter "_new_initial_join_orders" was set to FALSE by default, by setting it to TRUE a better. Whoever owns the schema containing the view must have the SELECT privilege on the base tables. The SELECTANYTABLE system privilege also allows you to select data from any table or any materialized view or the base table of any view. To issue an Oracle Flashback Query using the flashback_query_clause, you must have the SELECT privilege on the objects in the select list. In addition, either you must have FLASHBACK object privilege on the objects in the select list, or you must have FLASHBACKANYTABLE system privilege. Syntaxselect: :=Description of the illustration select. Description of the illustration subquery. Description of the illustration subquery_factoring_clause. Description of the illustration select_list. Description of the illustration table_reference. Description of the illustration flashback_query_clause. Description of the illustration query_table_expression. Description of the illustration sample_clause. Description of the illustration subquery_restriction_clause. Description of the illustration table_collection_expression. Supongamos que queremos actualizar en nuestra base de datos ORACLE el campo de costes de la tabla de hechos FAC_TABLE con el coste unitario de nuestra tabla de COSTES. Description of the illustration join_clause. Description of the illustration inner_cross_join_clause. Description of the illustration outer_join_clause. Description of the illustration query_partition_clause. Description of the illustration outer_join_type. Description of the illustration where_clause. Description of the illustration hierarchical_query_clause. Description of the illustration group_by_clause. Description of the illustration rollup_cube_clause. Description of the illustration grouping_sets_clause. ![]() Description of the illustration grouping_expression_list. Description of the illustration expression_list. Description of the illustration model_clause. Description of the illustration cell_reference_options. Description of the illustration return_rows_clause. Description of the illustration reference_model. Description of the illustration main_model. Description of the illustration model_column_clauses. Description of the illustration model_column. Description of the illustration model_rules_clause. Description of the illustration cell_assignment. Description of the illustration single_column_for_loop. Description of the illustration multi_column_for_loop. Description of the illustration order_by_clause. Description of the illustration for_update_clause. Semanticssubquery_factoring_clause. The WITHquery_name clause lets you assign a name to a subquery block. You can then reference the subquery block multiple places in the query by specifying the query name. Oracle Database optimizes the query by treating the query name as either an inline view or as a temporary table. You can specify this clause in any top- level SELECT statement and in most types of subqueries. The query name is visible to the main query and to all subsequent subqueries except the subquery that defines the query name itself. Restrictions on Subquery Factoring This clause is subject to the following restrictions: You can specify only one subquery_factoring_clause in a single SQL statement. You cannot specify a query_name in its own subquery. However, any query_name defined in the subquery_factoring_clause can be used in any subsequent named query block in the subquery_factoring_clause. In a compound query with set operators, you cannot use the query_name for any of the component queries, but you can use the query_name in the FROM clause of any of the component queries. Specify a comment that passes instructions to the optimizer on choosing an execution plan for the statement. DISTINCT | UNIQUE Specify DISTINCT or UNIQUE if you want the database to return only one copy of each set of duplicate rows selected. These two keywords are synonymous. Duplicate rows are those with matching values for each expression in the select list. Restrictions on DISTINCT and UNIQUE Queries These types of queries are subject to the following restrictions: When you specify DISTINCT or UNIQUE, the total number of bytes in all select list expressions is limited to the size of a data block minus some overhead. This size is specified by the initialization parameter DB_BLOCK_SIZE. You cannot specify DISTINCT if the select_list contains LOB columns. ALL Specify ALL if you want the database to return all rows selected, including all copies of duplicates. The default is ALL.* (asterisk)Specify the asterisk to select all columns from all tables, views, or materialized views listed in the FROM clause. If you are selecting from a table rather than from a view or a materialized view, then columns that have been marked as UNUSED by the ALTERTABLESETUNUSED statement are not selected. The select_list lets you specify the columns you want to retrieve from the database. For query_name, specify a name already specified in the subquery_factoring_clause. You must have specified the subquery_factoring_clause in order to specify query_name in the select_list. If you specify query_name in the select_list, then you also must specify query_name in the query_table_expression (FROM clause). Specify the object name followed by a period and the asterisk to select all columns from the specified table, view, or materialized view. Oracle Database returns a set of columns in the order in which the columns were specified when the object was created. A query that selects rows from two or more tables, views, or materialized views is a join. You can use the schema qualifier to select from a table, view, or materialized view in a schema other than your own. If you omit schema, then the database assumes the table, view, or materialized view is in your own schema. Specify an expression representing the information you want to select. A column name in this list can be qualified with schema only if the table, view, or materialized view containing the column is qualified with schema in the FROM clause. If you specify a member method of an object type, then you must follow the method name with parentheses even if the method takes no arguments. Specify an alias for the column expression. Oracle Database will use this alias in the column heading of the result set. The AS keyword is optional. The alias effectively renames the select list item for the duration of the query. The alias can be used in the order_by_clause but not other clauses in the query. Restrictions on the Select List The select list is subject to the following restrictions: If you also specify a group_by_clause in this statement, then this select list can contain only the following types of expressions: Constants. Aggregate functions and the functions USER, UID, and SYSDATEExpressions identical to those in the group_by_clause. If the group_by_clause is in a subquery, then the GROUPBY columns of the subquery must match the select list of the outer query. Any columns in the select list of the subquery that are not needed by the GROUPBY operation are ignored without error. Expressions involving the preceding expressions that evaluate to the same value for all rows in a group. You can select a rowid from a join view only if the join has one and only one key- preserved table. The rowid of that table becomes the rowid of the view. If two or more tables have some column names in common, and if you are specifying a join in the FROM clause, then you must qualify column names with names of tables or table aliases. FROM Clause. The FROM clause lets you specify the objects from which data is selected. Use the query_table_expression clause to identify a table, view, materialized view, partition, or subpartition, or to specify a subquery that identifies the objects. ONLY The ONLY clause applies only to views. SELECTPurpose. Use a SELECT statement or subquery to retrieve data from one or more tables, object tables, views, object views, or materialized views. If part or all of the result of a SELECT statement is equivalent to an existing materialized view, then Oracle Database may use the materialized view in place of one or more tables specified in the SELECT statement. This substitution is called query rewrite. It takes place only if cost optimization is enabled and the QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED parameter is set to TRUE. To determine whether query write has occurred, use the EXPLAINPLAN statement. Prerequisites. For you to select data from a table or materialized view, the table or materialized view must be in your own schema or you must have the SELECT privilege on the table or materialized view. For you to select rows from the base tables of a view: You must have the SELECT privilege on the view, and. Whoever owns the schema containing the view must have the SELECT privilege on the base tables. The SELECTANYTABLE system privilege also allows you to select data from any table or any materialized view or the base table of any view. To issue an Oracle Flashback Query using the flashback_query_clause, you must have the SELECT privilege on the objects in the select list. In addition, either you must have FLASHBACK object privilege on the objects in the select list, or you must have FLASHBACKANYTABLE system privilege. Syntaxselect: :=Description of the illustration select. Description of the illustration subquery. Description of the illustration query_block. Description of the illustration subquery_factoring_clause. Description of the illustration select_list. Description of the illustration table_reference. Description of the illustration flashback_query_clause. Description of the illustration query_table_expression. Description of the illustration pivot_clause. Description of the illustration pivot_for_clause. Description of the illustration pivot_in_clause. Description of the illustration unpivot_clause. Description of the illustration unpivot_in_clause. Description of the illustration sample_clause. Description of the illustration partition_extension_clause. Description of the illustration subquery_restriction_clause. Description of the illustration table_collection_expression. Description of the illustration join_clause. Description of the illustration inner_cross_join_clause. Description of the illustration outer_join_clause. Description of the illustration query_partition_clause. Description of the illustration outer_join_type. Description of the illustration where_clause. Description of the illustration hierarchical_query_clause. Description of the illustration group_by_clause. Description of the illustration rollup_cube_clause. Description of the illustration grouping_sets_clause. Description of the illustration grouping_expression_list. Description of the illustration expression_list. Description of the illustration model_clause. Description of the illustration cell_reference_options. Description of the illustration return_rows_clause. Description of the illustration reference_model. Description of the illustration main_model. Description of the illustration model_column_clauses. Description of the illustration model_column. Description of the illustration model_rules_clause. Description of the illustration model_iterate_clause. Description of the illustration cell_assignment. Description of the illustration single_column_for_loop. Description of the illustration multi_column_for_loop. Description of the illustration order_by_clause. Description of the illustration for_update_clause. Semanticssubquery_factoring_clause. The WITHquery_name clause lets you assign a name to a subquery block. You can then reference the subquery block multiple places in the query by specifying the query name. Oracle Database optimizes the query by treating the query name as either an inline view or as a temporary table. You can specify this clause in any top- level SELECT statement and in most types of subqueries. The query name is visible to the main query and to all subsequent subqueries except the subquery that defines the query name itself. Restrictions on Subquery Factoring This clause is subject to the following restrictions: You can specify only one subquery_factoring_clause in a single SQL statement. You cannot specify a query_name in its own subquery. However, any query_name defined in the subquery_factoring_clause can be used in any subsequent named query block in the subquery_factoring_clause. In a compound query with set operators, you cannot use the query_name for any of the component queries, but you can use the query_name in the FROM clause of any of the component queries. Specify a comment that passes instructions to the optimizer on choosing an execution plan for the statement. DISTINCT | UNIQUE Specify DISTINCT or UNIQUE if you want the database to return only one copy of each set of duplicate rows selected. These two keywords are synonymous. Duplicate rows are those with matching values for each expression in the select list. Restrictions on DISTINCT and UNIQUE Queries These types of queries are subject to the following restrictions: When you specify DISTINCT or UNIQUE, the total number of bytes in all select list expressions is limited to the size of a data block minus some overhead. This size is specified by the initialization parameter DB_BLOCK_SIZE. You cannot specify DISTINCT if the select_list contains LOB columns. ALL Specify ALL if you want the database to return all rows selected, including all copies of duplicates. The default is ALL.* (all- column wildcard)Specify the all- column wildcard (asterisk) to select all columns, excluding pseudocolumns, from all tables, views, or materialized views listed in the FROM clause. The columns are returned in the order indicated by the COLUMN_ID column of the *_TAB_COLUMNS data dictionary view for the table, view, or materialized view. If you are selecting from a table rather than from a view or a materialized view, then columns that have been marked as UNUSED by the ALTERTABLESETUNUSED statement are not selected. The select_list lets you specify the columns you want to retrieve from the database. For query_name, specify a name already specified in the subquery_factoring_clause. You must have specified the subquery_factoring_clause in order to specify query_name in the select_list. If you specify query_name in the select_list, then you also must specify query_name in the query_table_expression (FROM clause). Specify the object name followed by a period and the asterisk to select all columns from the specified table, view, or materialized view. Oracle Database returns a set of columns in the order in which the columns were specified when the object was created. A query that selects rows from two or more tables, views, or materialized views is a join. You can use the schema qualifier to select from a table, view, or materialized view in a schema other than your own. If you omit schema, then the database assumes the table, view, or materialized view is in your own schema. Specify an expression representing the information you want to select. A column name in this list can be qualified with schema only if the table, view, or materialized view containing the column is qualified with schema in the FROM clause. If you specify a member method of an object type, then you must follow the method name with parentheses even if the method takes no arguments. Specify an alias for the column expression. Oracle Database will use this alias in the column heading of the result set. The AS keyword is optional. The alias effectively renames the select list item for the duration of the query. The alias can be used in the order_by_clause but not other clauses in the query. Restrictions on the Select List The select list is subject to the following restrictions: If you also specify a group_by_clause in this statement, then this select list can contain only the following types of expressions: Constants. Aggregate functions and the functions USER, UID, and SYSDATEExpressions identical to those in the group_by_clause. If the group_by_clause is in a subquery, then the GROUPBY columns of the subquery must match the select list of the outer query. Any columns in the select list of the subquery that are not needed by the GROUPBY operation are ignored without error. Expressions involving the preceding expressions that evaluate to the same value for all rows in a group. ![]()
Should You Buy a DSLR or Point and Shoot Digital Camera? A Post By: Darren Rowse“I’m using a compact point and shoot digital camera and i would like to ask it is worth it to upgrade to a DSLR camera? How huge a difference do DSLR cameras make compared to compact point and shoot digital camera?”Thanks for the question – I’ll attempt to keep my answer brief and not too technical. ![]() This is a question that I’m regularly asked, increasingly so as the price of DSLRs have dropped and become much more in the reach of the average digital photographer’s budget. Before I start this post you might like to check out two posts looking at the Top DSLR Models and Top Point and Shoot Cameras as voted by our readers. Let me declare up front that I own both a Point and Shoot digital camera (a Fujifilm Fine. Pix F3. 0) and a DSLR (a Canon EOS 5. D). I like having both because I do feel they compliment each other and are each suited for different situations. My preference in terms of quality of shots is with the DSLR but for convenience the point and shoot sometimes wins out. I also want to say up front that the digital camera industry is constantly evolving and changing. The lines between DSLRs and point and shoots are blurring (or at least this seems to be the intention of manufacturers). What I write below unfortunately will have elements of generalizations in it as I classify hundreds of cameras (each with their own distinctive features) into two camps. Are Megapixels Everything? Before I get into the Pros and Cons of DSLRs vs Point and Shoot digital cameras I want to address a common misconception that I regularly hear among digital camera owners – that a cameras megapixel rating is the main thing to consider when determining a camera’s quality. The fact is that megapixels are NOT everything. Despite point and shoot cameras now coming with up to 1. Casio released one last month) their quality level is not necessarily has good as a DSLR with only 8 or so. The main reason for this (and there are many as we’ll see below) is that the image sensor used in point and shoot digital cameras is generally much smaller than the image sensor used in a DSLR (the difference is often as much as 2. This means that the pixels on a point and shoot camera have to be much smaller and (without getting too technical) collect fewer photons (ok I lied about the technicalities). The long and short of it is that because of this point and shoot cameras need to work at slower ISO levels which means that they produce ‘noisier’ (or more grainy) shots. ![]() “I’m using a compact point and shoot digital camera and i would like to ask it is worth it to upgrade to a DSLR camera? How huge a difference do DSLR cameras make. A lot more could be said on sensor size – but trust me, smaller sensors significantly reduce the quality of an image. I’d much rather have a camera with less megapixels and a larger image sensor than the other way around. This is one factor that needs to be considered when choosing between a DSLR and point and shoot – but let me run through some more: DSLRs. A quick definition – unfortunately some camera manufacturers in recent months have released cameras with the DSLR label that technically are not. For the purposes of this article I’ll define DSLR’s as cameras that have removable lenses, that have a reflex mirror which allows live optical viewing through the lens taking the image. DSLR’s use a mirror that allows you to see the image you’re about to shoot through the view finder – when you take the shot the mirror flips up allowing the image sensor to capture the image. Some cameras these days are being touted as DSLRs because you have ‘through lens viewing’ but they are not true DSLR’s – (Digital, Single, Lens, Reflex). This does not necessarily make them a bad camera – but in my opinion it there is a distinction between them. DSLR Strengths. Image Quality – I’ve already covered this above in my discussion on megapixels and image sensors – but due to the larger size of image sensors in DSLRs which allows for larger pixel sizes – DSLRs are generally able to be used at a faster ISO which will lead to faster shutter speeds and less grain. Introduction. Please note that most of these Brand Names are registered Trade Marks, Company Names or otherwise controlled and their inclusion in this index is. Adaptability – DSLR’s ability to change lenses opens up a world of possibilities for photographers. While my point and shoot has a nice little 3x Optical Zoom (and many these days have longer ones) my DSLR can be fitted with many high quality lenses ranging from wide angle to super long focal lengths depending upon what I’m photographing (and of course my budget). Add to this a large range of other accessories (flashes, filters etc) and a DSLR can be adapted to many different situations. It should be noted that when it comes to lenses that the diversity in quality of lenses is great. Image quality is impacted greatly by the quality of the lens you use. Speed – DSLR’s are generally pretty fast pieces of machinery when it comes to things like start up, focussing and shutter lag. Optical Viewfinder – due to the reflex mirror DSLR’s are very much a what you see is what you get operation. ISO range – this varies between cameras but generally DSLRs offer a wide array of ISO settings which lends itself to their flexibility in shooting in different conditions. Manual Controls – while many point and shoots come with the ability to shoot in manual mode, a DSLR is designed in such a way that it is assumed that the photographer using it will want to control their own settings. While they do come with good auto modes the manual controls are generally built in in such a way that they are at the photographers finger tips as they are shooting. Hold it’s value – some argue that a DSLR will hold it’s value longer than a point and shoot. There is probably some truth in this. DSLR models do not get updated quite as often as point and shoot models (which can be updated twice a year at times). The other factor in favor of DSLRs is that the lenses you buy for them are compatible with other camera bodies if you do choose to upgrade later on (as long as you stay with your brand). This means your investment in lenses is not a waste over the years. Depth of Field – one of the things I love about my DSLR is the versatility that it gives me in many areas, especially depth of field. I guess this is really an extension of it’s manual controls and ability to use a variety of lenses but a DSLR can give you depth of field that puts everything from forground to background in focus through to nice blurry backgrounds. Quality Optics – I hesitate to add this point as there is a large degree of difference in quality between DSLR lenses (and point and shoot cameras are always improving) but in general the lenses that you’ll find on a DSLR are superior to a point and shoot camera. DSLR lenses are larger (more glass can add to the quality) and many of them have many hours of time put into their manufacture (especially when you get into higher end lenses). I strongly advise DSLR buyers to buy the best quality lenses that they can afford. It it’s the difference between a high end lens on a medium range camera or a medium range lens on a high end camera I’d go for quality lenses every time as they add so much to photos. DSLR Weaknesses. Price – while they are coming down in price (especially at the lower end) DSLR’s are generally more expensive than point and shoot digital cameras. Also consider that you might want to upgrade your lens (as kit lenses are generally not of a super high quality) or you may wish to add more lenses later and that this adds to the cost of a DSLR. Size and Weight – the only reason I take my point and shoot out with me is on those occasions when I don’t want to lug my DSLR (and it’s lenses) around with me. DSLRs are heavy and sizable and when you add a lens or two to your kit bag you can end up with quite the load! Maintenance – a factor well worth considering if you’re going to use a DSLR with more than one lens is that every time you change lenses you run the risk of letting dust into your camera. Dust on an image sensor is a real annoyance as it will leave your images looking blotchy. Cleaning your image sensor is not a job for the faint hearted and most recommend that you get it done professionally (which of course costs). This is a problem that is being rectified in many new DSLRs which are being released with self cleaning sensors. Noise – DSLRs are generally more noisy to use than point and shoots. This will vary depending upon the lens you use but while point and shoots can be almost silent when taking a shot a DSLR will generally have a ‘clunk’ as the mechanisms inside it do their thing. I personally quite like this sound – but it’s something that is a factor for some. ![]() PC - Skidrow Games - Crackheyi’d just like to name a few games that i’d really like to see uploaded with crack pc versions. Not entirely sure if some are possible but here goes: -Metal Gear Solid (i love all parts!)- Devil may cry 3 or 4- hmm. I noticed the uploaded arcade versions, i grew up playing those and have played like, every MK game that came out except ps. Marvel vs Capcom 3? PLS, this is a HUGE request with blueberry cheesecake on top, PLS upload atleast something from the Final Fantasy games. Oddworld: Abe’s Exodus. One of my favs back when i had a ps.
P just a suggestion. Bacteria - Wikipedia. Bacteria ( ( listen); common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryoticmicroorganisms. In finance, a foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option) is a derivative financial instrument that gives the right but not the. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste,[3] and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the bacterial phyla have species that can be grown in the laboratory.[4] The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology. There are typically 4. There are approximately 5×1. Earth,[5] forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals.[6] Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies and bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process.[7] In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. In March 2. 01. 3, data reported by researchers in October 2. It was suggested that bacteria thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 1. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 5. United States.[8][1. According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere—they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."[8]The famous notion that bacterial cells in the human body outnumber human cells by a factor of 1. There are approximately 3. This means that although they do have the upper hand in actual numbers, it is only by 3. The largest number exist in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin.[1. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, though many are beneficial particularly in the gut flora. However several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year, mostly in sub- Saharan Africa.[1. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, and the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector,[1. Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane- boundorganelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.[1]Etymology. The word bacteria is the plural of the New Latinbacterium, which is the latinisation of the Greekβακτήριον (bakterion),[1. Origin and early evolution. The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life.[2. In 2. 00. 8, fossils of macroorganisms were discovered and named as the Francevillian biota. Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites, their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species. However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage.[2. Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes. Here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea.[2. This involved the engulfment by proto- eukaryotic cells of alphaproteobacterialsymbionts to form either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes, which are still found in all known Eukarya (sometimes in highly reduced form, e. Later on, some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial- like organisms. This led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants. There are also some algae that originated from even later endosymbiotic events. Here, eukaryotes engulfed a eukaryotic algae that developed into a "second- generation" plastid.[2. This is known as secondary endosymbiosis. In March 2. 01. 7, researchers reported evidence of possibly the oldest forms of life on Earth. Putative fossilized microorganisms were discovered in hydrothermal vent precipitates in the Nuvvuagittuq Belt of Quebec, Canada, that may have lived as early as 4. Earth 4. 5. 4 billion years ago.[2. According to biologist Stephen Blair Hedges, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth … then it could be common in the universe."[3. Morphology. Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one- tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye—for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long[3. Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well- studied.[3. Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. Greek kókkos, grain, seed), or rod- shaped, called bacilli (sing. Latinbaculus, stick). Elongation is associated with swimming.[3. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma- shaped; others can be spiral- shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes.[3. More recently, some bacteria were discovered deep under Earth's crust that grow as branching filamentous types with a star- shaped cross- section. The large surface area to volume ratio of this morphology may give these bacteria an advantage in nutrient- poor environments.[3. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids and escape predators.[3. Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells, others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria form diploids (pairs), Streptococcus form chains, and Staphylococcus group together in "bunch of grapes" clusters. Bacteria can also be elongated to form filaments, for example the Actinobacteria. Filamentous bacteria are often surrounded by a sheath that contains many individual cells. Certain types, such as species of the genus Nocardia, even form complex, branched filaments, similar in appearance to fungal mycelia.[4. Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense aggregations in bacterial mats called biofilms. These biofilms can range from a few micrometres in thickness to up to half a metre in depth, and may contain multiple species of bacteria, protists and archaea. Bacteria living in biofilms display a complex arrangement of cells and extracellular components, forming secondary structures, such as microcolonies, through which there are networks of channels to enable better diffusion of nutrients.[4. In natural environments, such as soil or the surfaces of plants, the majority of bacteria are bound to surfaces in biofilms.[4. |
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